Just before and during the French Revolution, these and other painters adopted stirring moral subject matter from Roman history and celebrated the values of simplicity, austerity, heroism, and stoic virtue that were traditionally associated with the Roman Republic, thus drawing parallels between that time and the contemporary struggle for liberty in France. Neoclassicism in the arts is an aesthetic attitude based on the art of Greece and Rome in antiquity, which invokes harmony, clarity, restraint, universality, and idealism. Rome was indeed the city where the principal Italian painters of the Neoclassical period were most active. William Rush produced standing Classical figures, including those formerly decorating a waterworks in Philadelphia. According to some scholars, it was this deep interest in ancient cultures that helped start the Renaissance movement in the first place. Romanticism is a rejection of the traditional values of reason, order, and objectivity that characterized Classicism and Enlightenment, in particular Neoclassicism. Newly discovered antique forms and themes were quick to find new expression. The most important Italian Neoclassicist was Antonio Canova, the leading sculptor—indeed, by far the most famous artist of any sort—in Europe by the end of the 18th century. As well as being a painter, Joseph-Marie Vien was a friend of the archaeologist Caylus and a director of the French Academy in Rome. Neoclassicism retained its classical antiquity and co-existed with its much opposite form of Romanticism art. The German painter Asmus Jacob Carstens worked in Berlin and was a professor at the Berlin Academy. Other articles where Classicism is discussed: Neoclassical art: …the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity, while Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity. In particular, Greek architecture and sculpture were both imitated and used as a platform f… This was partly because, whereas it was possible for architecture and sculpture to be modeled on prototypes in these media that had actually survived from Classical antiquity, those few Classical paintings that had survived were minor or merely ornamental works—until, that is, the discoveries made at Herculaneum and Pompeii. When Flaxman did attempt terror, as in the marble The Fury of Athamas (1790–94), the violence seems forced and unconvincing. The idea of neoclassicism de… The classical term "imitation" is thus to be viewed in a flexible, imaginative way. To this general literary emphasis was added a growing interest in medieval sources, such as the pseudo-Celtic poetry of Ossian, as well as incidents from medieval history, the works of Dante, and an admiration for medieval art itself in the persons of Giotto, Fra Angelico, and others. A circle of American women sculptors working in the Neoclassical style arose in Rome in the 19th century as well—among them Harriet Hosmer, Anne Whitney, and Edmonia Lewis. In 1755 he met Winckelmann, and subsequently he became a prominent figure in Roman Neoclassical circles. This movement focused not as much on revival of ideals as of interest and overarching appreciation. In the context of the tradition, Classicism refers either to the art produced in antiquity or to later art inspired by that of antiquity, while Neoclassicism always refers to the art produced later but inspired by antiquity. The marble Charity is one of the more famous examples of his later Neoclassicism. IN the 1830s, the Neoclassicism era was replaced by Romanticism. Neoclassicism is the 18th and 19th century movement that developed in Europe as a reaction to the excesses of Baroque and Rococo. Classicism continued to influence Western art after the Renaissance and the classic influence in both the visual arts and architecture is still evident. The famous pupil was Ingres, who was important as a Neoclassicist in his subject paintings but not in his portraits. The second phase is the classical period discussed in the article. The main Danish painter who produced original Neoclassical works was Nicolai Abraham Abildgaard. The paintings of his Belgian pupil François-Joseph Navez, for example, are pure French Neoclassicism. Both are art movements that have roots in Greek and Roman antiquity, but by and large classicism happened during the height of these eras and during a brief revival during the European Renaissance, whereas neoclassicism happened later, but was inspired directly by and in many ways sought to imitate the more traditional classic style.

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