Greek civilians mourn their dead relatives. By late 1922, most of the Greeks of Asia Minor had either fled or had been killed. The massacres of Greeks and Armenians by the Turks prompted diplomatic action without punishment. [26], In response to the 1998 law, the Turkish government released a statement which claimed that describing the events as genocide was "without any historical basis". [74] While the Ottoman government tried to implement this change in policy, it was unsuccessful and attacks, even murders, continued to occur unpunished by local officials in the provinces, despite repeated instructions in cables sent from the central administration. [91] On 15 November 1917, Ozakom delegates agreed to create a unified army composed of ethnically homogeneous units, Greeks were allotted a division consisting of three regiments. When Constantinople became the center of government, Smyrna inevitably declined in its influence as trade diminished. Those from Asia Minor constituted the bulk of the empire's Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians; thus, many renowned Greek figures during late antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance came from Asia Minor, including Saint Nicholas (270–343 AD), rhetorician John Chrysostomos (349–407 AD), Hagia Sophia architect Isidore of Miletus (6th century AD), several imperial dynasties, including the Phokas (10th century) and Komnenos (11th century), and Renaissance scholars George of Trebizond (1395–1472) and Basilios Bessarion (1403–1472). Capitals from Ancient Smyrna | © Ken & Nyetta/Flickr. [156], On 11 March 2010, Sweden's Riksdag passed a motion recognising "as an act of genocide the killing of Armenians, Assyrians/Syriacs/Chaldeans and Pontic Greeks in 1915". From these alternative ranges I calculated a final Greek genocide for this period in the usual way (line 382). [78] Ottoman official Rafet Bey was active in the genocide of the Greeks and in November 1916, Austrian consul in Samsun, Kwiatkowski, reported that he said to him "We must finish off the Greeks as we did with the Armenians ... today I sent squads to the interior to kill every Greek on sight". [8] IAGS President Gregory Stanton urged the Turkish government to finally acknowledge the three genocides: "The history of these genocides is clear, and there is no more excuse for the current Turkish government, which did not itself commit the crimes, to deny the facts. they all differ slightly in text and rhythmic subdivisions. As an eye-witness, he also praises Greeks for their "conduct ... toward the thousands of Turks residing in Greece, while the ferocious massacres were going on", which, according to his opinion, was "one of the most inspiring and beautiful chapters in all that country’s history". ", A Nazi publication of 1925 exalts the new Turkish state for its "cleansing" policy, which "threw the Greek element to the sea". They propose the following reasons for the denial of the genocides by Turkey:[165], Kemal's "model" remained active for the Nazi movement in Weimar Germany and the Third Reich until the end of World War II. [157], On 14 May 2013, the government of New South Wales was submitted a genocide recognition motion by Fred Nile of the Christian Democratic Party, which was later passed making it the fourth political entity to recognise the genocide. In 1920, the insurgents reached their peak in regard to manpower numbering 18,000 men. One of the most beloved and well known songs of the Smyrna Greeks was "Ti Se Meli Esenane" ("What's it to you?"). Either they were murdered outright or were the intentional victims of hunger, disease, and exposure. To overcome fears of social fragmentation in a society that is still very much a state in transition. This then provides an alternative to the sum of the specific mortality estimates (line 381). [86], Greek deportees were sent to live in Greek villages in the inner provinces or, in some case, villages where Armenians were living before being deported. [97] Thus, killings, massacres and deportations continued under the pretext of the national movement of Mustafa Kemal (later Atatürk). [102] George W. Rendel of the British Foreign Office noted the massacres and deportations of Greeks during the Greco-Turkish War. The Greek presence in Asia Minor dates at least from the Late Bronze Age (1450 BC). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. [71], According to a newspaper of the time, in November 1914, Turkish troops destroyed Christian properties and murdered several Christians at Trabzon. This is supposedly done in order to much easier be able to confiscate the property of the deported. According to Norman M. Naimark "more realistic estimates range between 10,000 to 15,000" for the casualties of the Great Fire of Smyrna. [82] However, the execution of government decrees, which took a systematic form from December 1916, when Behaeddin Shakir came to the region, was not conducted as ordered: men were taken in labour battalions, women and children were attacked, villages were looted by Muslim neighbours. Hittades i bokenUnder pågående krig och tryckande svensk tystnad skrev Eyvind Johnson som protest mot undfallenheten den stora motståndsromanen om Johannes Krilon; en bok om året i tre år: Grupp Krilon 1941, Krilons resa 1942 och Krilon själv 1943. [108], Henry Morgenthau, the United States ambassador to the Ottoman Empire from 1913 to 1916, accused the "Turkish government" of a campaign of "outrageous terrorizing, cruel torturing, driving of women into harems, debauchery of innocent girls, the sale of many of them at 80 cents each, the murdering of hundreds of thousands and the deportation to and starvation in the desert of other hundreds of thousands, [and] the destruction of hundreds of villages and many cities", all part of "the willful execution" of a "scheme to annihilate the Armenian, Greek and Syrian Christians of Turkey". [119]Historian Constantine G Hatzidimitriou writes that "loss of life among Anatolian Greeks during the WWI period and its aftermath was approximately 735,370". However, the latter failed to bring the perpetrators of the genocide to justice,[96] although in the Turkish Courts-Martial of 1919–20 a number of leading Ottoman officials were accused of ordering massacres against both Greeks and Armenians. Nikolaos Hlamides, "The Greek Relief Committee: America's Response to the Greek Genocide". By the Ottoman period. The word genocide was coined in the early 1940s, the era of the Holocaust, by Raphael Lemkin, a Polish lawyer of Jewish descent. A "logical" belief that because the genocide was committed with impunity, so denial will also meet with neither opposition nor obloquy. [73] This change of policy was due to a German demand for the persecution of Ottoman Greeks to stop, after Eleftherios Venizelos had made this a condition of Greece's neutrality when speaking to the German ambassador in Athens. Hittades i boken – Sida 183Men den mörka rättare sagdt på sluttningen af ett högt turkstaden sofver ... i till Akschehir sedan fjorton dagar vore Smyrna till hans lika gamla vän Ali ... [56] Responding to international and domestic pressure, Talat Pasha headed a visit in Thrace in April 1914 and later in the Aegean to investigate reports and try to soothe bilateral tension with Greece. That treaty was accompanied by a "Declaration of Amnesty", without containing any provision in respect to punishment of war crimes. Some 150,000 to 200,000 Greeks were expelled after the fire, while about 30,000 able-bodied Greek and Armenian men were deported to the interior of Asia Minor, most of whom were executed on the way or died under brutal conditions. Massacre of Christians at Trebizond", Maryborough Chronicle, Wide Bay and Burnett Advertiser, "Yalova/Nicomedia 1920/1921. It includes a legal definition of genocide. Oförändrat (30 st). Constantinople - Константинополь Nicaea - Никея Iasi - Яссы Smyrna - Смирна Rhodes - Родос Iconium - Икониум Iraklion - Ираклион Helsinki - Хельсинки Riga - Рига Vilnius - Вильнюс Novgorod. [2] Edward Hale Bierstadt, writing in 1924, stated that "According to official testimony, the Turks since 1914 have slaughtered in cold blood 1,500,000 Armenians, and 500,000 Greeks, men women and children, without the slightest provocation.". [57] Also, after 1913 there were organized boycotts against the Greeks, initiated by the Ottoman Interior Ministry who asked the empire's provinces to start them. [46] The geographer Strabo referred to Smyrna as the first Greek city in Asia Minor,[47] and numerous ancient Greek figures were natives of Anatolia, including the mathematician Thales of Miletus (7th century), the pre-Socratic philosopher Heraclitus of Ephesus (6th century BC), and the founder of Cynicism Diogenes of Sinope (4th century BC). [19] Some, especially those in Eastern provinces, took refuge in the neighbouring Russian Empire. 14, Thessaloniki, Herodotos Publishers, 2002–2005. Turkish capture of Smyrna. [48][49][50] From this point until the late Middle Ages all of the indigenous inhabitants of Asia Minor practiced Christianity (called Greek Orthodox Christianity after the East–West Schism with the Catholics in 1054) and spoke Greek as their first language. An inner knowledge that the juggernaut denial industry has a momentum of its own and can't be stopped even if they wanted it to stop. Omsättning idag (OMXS30): 11 245 msek. Some say he was the son of a Greek father and an aFro Cuban mother. Hittades i bokenEn dagdrivares funderingar som kom ut samma år som Tre män i en båt blev även den en fantastisk framgång och de båda böckerna trycktes i England och USA i flera miljoner exemplar de första åren.↵Jerome tyckte om att framställa ... [100] Rudolph Rummel estimated the death toll of the fire at 100,000[101] Greeks and Armenians, who perished in the fire and accompanying massacres. [124] Merrill D. Peterson cites the death toll of 360,000 for the Greeks of Pontus. At the outbreak of World War I, Asia Minor was ethnically diverse, its population included Turks and Azeris, as well as groups that had inhabited the region prior to the Ottoman conquest, including Pontic Greeks, Caucasus Greeks, Cappadocian Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, Zazas, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians, Jews, and Laz people. [72] After November 1914 Ottoman policy towards the Greek population shifted; state policy was restricted to the forceful migration to the Anatolian hinterland of Greeks living in coastal areas, particularly the Black Sea region, close to the Turkish-Russian front. The total number reaching 347,000. Venizelos also threatened to undertake a similar campaign against Muslims that were living in Greece if Ottoman policy did not change. Hittades i bokenUnder pågående krig och tryckande svensk tystnad skrev Eyvind Johnson som protest mot undfallenheten den stora motståndsromanen om Johannes Krilon; en bok om året i tre år: Grupp Krilon 1941, Krilons resa 1942 och Krilon själv 1943. Over the next four centuries the Greek natives of Asia Minor gradually became a minority in these lands under the now dominant Turkish culture. [142] Several scholars researching the Armenian genocide, such as Peter Balakian, Taner Akçam, Richard Hovannisian and Robert Melson, however stated that "the issue had to be further researched before a resolution was passed. [54] The Ottoman government adopted a "dual-track mechanism"[clarification needed] allowing it to deny responsibility for and prior knowledge of this campaign of intimidation, emptying Christian villages. Shenk, Robert. Saved by Abelia Kontomitrou. The Völkischer Beobachter exclaimed: “Today the Turks are the most youthful nation. were referred to as "white massacres". "With this resolution the Greek Parliament, which in fact has to apologize to the Turkish people for the large-scale destruction and massacres Greece perpetrated in Anatolia, not only sustains the traditional Greek policy of distorting history, but it also displays that the expansionist Greek mentality is still alive," the statement added. Turks and the Great Fire of Smyrna in September 1922. [61] French eyewitness Charles Manciet states that the atrocities he had witnessed at Phocaea were of an organized nature that aimed at circling[62] Christian peasant populations of the region. [42] Germany and the Ottoman Empire were allies immediately before, and during, World War I. The surprising jazz bepop version (thanks to Bob G for the discovery) was recorded twice by the great Slim Gaillard who grew up in Detroit, MI, home to a large and active Greek American community. The Greek genocide is remembered in a number of modern works. The decrees were published in the Greek Government Gazette on 8 March 1994 and 13 October 1998 respectively. [158], In March 2015, the National Assembly of Armenia unanimously adopted a resolution recognizing both the Greek and Assyrian genocides. [47] Even after the Turkic conquests of the interior, the mountainous Black Sea coast of Asia Minor remained the heart of a populous Greek Christian state, the Empire of Trebizond, until its eventual conquest by the Ottoman Turks in 1461, one year after the fall to the Ottomans of the European region now called Greece. [136] In August 1946 the New York Times reported: Genocide is no new phenomenon, nor has it been utterly ignored in the past. A chronic fear that admission will lead to massive claims for reparation and restitution. [clarification needed], The accounts describe systematic massacres, rapes and burnings of Greek villages, and attribute intent to Ottoman officials, including the Ottoman Prime Minister Mahmud Sevket Pasha, Rafet Bey, Talat Pasha and Enver Pasha. This is based on extensive eyewitness evidence from Western troops sent to Smyrna during the evacuation, foreign diplomats/relief workers based at Smyrna and Turkish sources.\" - www.Wikipedia.orgThe resulting 35mm edited nitrate film was hidden in my grandmother's apartment in NYC for 60 years. Logga in. [131] Some of the survivors and expelled took refuge in the neighboring Russian Empire (later, Soviet Union). The German nation will one day have no other choice but to resort to Turkish methods as well.”, Ihrig, 2014, p. 183–184: "The minority problem in Anatolia was solved in a very simple fashion... "Only through the annihilation of the Greek and the Armenian tribes in Anatolia was the creation of a Turkish national state and the formation of an unflawed Turkish body of society within one state possible.". [80], State policy towards Ottoman Greeks changed again in the fall of 1916. Germany and Austria-Hungary were allied to the Ottoman Empire in World War I. Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and Armenians, and some scholars and organizations have recognized these events as part of the same genocidal policy. In Greek language. Thus, when the Turkic peoples began their late medieval conquest of Asia Minor, Byzantine Greek citizens were the largest group of inhabitants there. View listing photos, review sales history, and use our detailed real estate filters to find the perfect place. [citation needed]. The committee worked in cooperation with the Near East Relief in distributing aid to Ottoman Greeks in Thrace and Asia Minor. The abandoned homes are then looted and burnt or destroyed. ", Ihrig, 2014, p. 71: "Just a few days later, on December 16, 1920, the very day the paper was bought by the NSDAP, the Völkischer Beobachter did a complete turnaround and admiringly called Atatürk’s movement “the Turkish nationalists.” Now that it had become the official Nazi party paper, its general interpretation was to change fundamentally. [123], According to various sources the Greek death toll in the Pontus region of Anatolia ranges from 300,000 to 360,000. [100], For the massacres that occurred during the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, British historian Arnold J. Toynbee wrote that it was the Greek landings that created the Turkish National Movement led by Mustafa Kemal:[103] "The Greeks of 'Pontus' and the Turks of the Greek occupied territories, were in some degree victims of Mr. Venizelos's and Mr. Lloyd George's original miscalculations at Paris. "[144], Some historians, including Boris Barth [de], Michael Schwartz [de], and Andrekos Varnava argue that the persecution of Greeks was ethnic cleansing or deportation, but not genocide. As a 1919 Patriarchate account records, the evacuation of many villages was accompanied with looting and murders, while many died as a result of not having been given the time to make the necessary provisions or of being relocated to uninhabitable places. [20][132], In December 1924, The New York Times reported that 400 tonnes of human bones consigned to manufacturers were transported from Mudania to Marseille, which might be the remains of massacred victims in Asia Minor. Hörde precis @mikaeldamberg på radion, förmodligen inspelat innan han fick den senaste infon. He said that for the Greek left 19 May is a "day of amnesia". The president of the left-ecologist Synaspismos party Nikos Konstantopoulos and historian Angelos Elefantis,[150] known for his books on the history of Greek communism, were two of the major figures of the political left who expressed their opposition to the decree. Relocation was targeted at specific regions that were considered militarily vulnerable, not the whole of the Greek population. [78], The systematic massacre and deportation of Greeks in Asia Minor, a program which had come into effect in 1914, was a precursor to the atrocities perpetrated by both the Greek and Turkish armies during the Greco-Turkish War, a conflict which followed the Greek landing at Smyrna[98][99] in May 1919 and continued until the retaking of Smyrna by the Turks and the Great Fire of Smyrna in September 1922. [76], In July 1915 the Greek chargé d'affaires claimed that the deportations "can not be any other issue than an annihilation war against the Greek nation in Turkey and as measures hereof they have been implementing forced conversions to Islam, in obvious aim to, that if after the end of the war there again would be a question of European intervention for the protection of the Christians, there will be as few of them left as possible. Sie war nach Smyrna gekommen, wie die heutige Millionenstadt Izmir damals noch hieß, um den Sieger im Griechisch-Türkischen Krieg zu interviewen: Mustafa Kemal, den späteren Atatürk. [45] The Greek poet Homer lived in the region around 800 BC. In his writings on genocide, Lemkin is known to have detailed the fate of Greeks in Turkey. [125] According to George K. Valavanis, "The loss of human life among the Pontian Greeks, since the Great War (World War I) until March 1924, can be estimated at 353,000, as a result of murders, hangings, and from punishment, disease, and other hardships. Most probably, the Nationalists Turks murdered 264,000 Greeks;", 1913–22 mass murder and expulsion of the Ottoman Empire's Greek Christian population. Malkidis Theophanis, Review of the book "Η Γενοκτονία των Ελλήνων του Πόντου" (The Genocide of the Pontic Greeks), vol. Talat Pasha ordered an investigation for the looting and destruction of Greek villages by bandits. [129], In 1923, a population exchange between Greece and Turkey resulted in a near-complete ending of the Greek ethnic presence in Turkey and a similar ending of the Turkish ethnic presence in much of Greece. ", "In the table I next list partial estimates (lines 367 to 374) for the genocide of the Greek. [118] Scholar Rudolph Rummel compiled various figures from several studies to estimate lower and higher bounds for the death toll between 1914 and 1923. In both cases, certain Ottoman officials, such as Şükrü Kaya, Nazım Bey and Mehmed Reshid, played a role; Special Organization units and labour battalions were involved; and a dual plan was implemented combining unofficial violence and the cover of state population policy. Among the causes of the Turkish campaign against the Greek-speaking Christian population was a fear that they would welcome liberation by the Ottoman Empire's enemies, and a belief among some Turks that to form a modern country in the era of nationalism it was necessary to purge from their territories all minorities who could threaten the integrity of an ethnically-based Turkish nation. Estimates of this are far fewer (lines 201 to 203), but we do have assessments of those deported (lines 193 to 197) from which to calculate the possible toll (line 198). Han var snabb idag för att kommentera söndagens ordval med detta som bakgrund, lite väl snabb som det. [65], Following similar accords made with Bulgaria and Serbia, the Ottoman Empire signed a small voluntary population exchange agreement with Greece on 14 November 1913. It is state-funded, with special departments and units in overseas missions whose sole purpose is to dilute, counter, minimise, trivialise and relativise every reference to the events which encompassed a genocide of Armenians, Pontian Greeks and Assyrian Christians in Asia Minor. Börsen idag. The organisation disbanded in the summer of 1921 but Greek relief work was continued by other aid organisations. [47], During the Hellenistic period (334 BC – 1st century BC), which followed the conquests of Alexander the Great, Greek culture and language began to dominate even the interior of Asia Minor. 95 Homes For Sale in Smyrna, DE. [64] These conscripts, after being sent hundreds of miles into the interior of Anatolia, were employed in road-making, building, tunnel excavating and other field work; but their numbers were heavily reduced through privations and ill-treatment and through outright massacre by their Ottoman guards.

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