In a random sample of 300 college seniors it was found that the mean credit card debt they owed was who can help with the question e? In a well shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, the probability of drawing a diamond card is: 1/52; 4/52; 13/52; 52/52; 7. Koch's Postulate (determine whether or not microbes cause disease), -Avicenna ~1000 AD was the first to recognize TB as infectious and suggested quarantine to limit spread, -epidemiologist (disease detective): analyzed location of those affected, interviewed individuals about daily routine, looked for a pattern/similarities in these infected people during London Cholera Outbreak, -used satellites to detect algal blooms = can predict where cholera can exist (spread through high tides into main land), -helped pass the ODA (development of drugs for rare diseases), brought awareness to rare diseases (Tourette syndrome), -made observations that milkmaids were resistant to small pox b/c they were exposed to cowpox, -Spanish conquerer who brought in smallpox in battle against Aztecs (small pox did not affect him, he was a god in their eyes), - Spanish conquerer that was immune to small pox, -studied anatomy in guinea pigs to better understand human anatomy, -used guinea pigs to follow hereditary traits from generation to generation (genetic drift or occurrences of genes), -tested streptomycin (antibiotic for TB) on guinea pigs, -used her cells (HeLa) to test first polio vaccine, -human guinea pig that died b/c drug was not backed by efficacy evidence, -quarantined from society b/c of weak immune system, -had typhoid fever (most dangerous woman), -contracted Typhoid fever and survived the disease during his travels on HMS Beagle (1831-1836), -founder of antiseptic (used carbolic acid to prevent infection) surgery, treating a substance with heat to kill or slow the growth of pathogens, the theory that infectious diseases are caused by certain microbes, finding same pathogen on different individuals, -steam under pressure, used for medical/lab materials, kills nearly all microbes, the time between catching an infection and symptoms appearing (marinating the pathogen into host), birth defect where a baby's head is smaller than expected when compared to babies of the same sex and age (from mothers who were infected with Zika), -refers to a virus that infects the fungal pathogen(Cryphonectria parasitica) that causes chestnut blight and reduces it ability to cause disease, reproduction of fungi; used to spread Cryphonecteria hypovirus, -another example of enemy's enemy is my friend, -another example of my enemy's enemy is my friend, -parasitize other virus that are infecting the same host cell they infect (good guy), mycobacterium that can cause TB disease in people, BUT usually in ANIMALS or CATTLE, affecting other parts of the body NOT LUNGS; TB originating in other parts of body, wide spread into the human body; more common in children and immunosuppressed people; causes tiny lesions that resemble millet seeds=granulomas, a collection of macrophages trying to wall off the infected alveolar macrophages (keeping under control), the actual infection that the granuloma forms to surround, injection with extract of the TB; local inflammation if positive; false-negative in immunocompromised people; false-positive in vaccinated individuals, Mycobacterium extract used to make a TB vaccine, -medical facility typically associated with treatment of TB, -antimicrobial drug used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections, kills or prevents growth (not for virus), extensively drug resistant tuberculosis (resistant to strongest TB drugs), totally drug-resistant tuberculosis; reported in India, Iran, and Italy; not (yet) recognized by WHO, -is protein complex secreted by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, Cholera has a flagellum (tail) and penetrates the mucosal layer of intestine and contacts epithelial cells, study of disease causes, prevention, and impacts, the well water was adjacent to a cess pit; sewage deposits in pits or the River Thames, used for filtration; when folded 4x: it filters out 99% of bacteria, cycle between waste getting into water and entering into drinking water, vaccination; pathogen must be known; can be highly effective; inexpensive; available for cholera; not recommended by CDC, satellite‐based forecasting of cholera outbreaks, detects algal blooms to see where places of susceptible cholera outbreaks, -<200,000 people in US have it; <1 in 2,000 people have it in UN; 6,000-8,000 rare diseases, and 80% have genetic origins; no cure for the majority, -common in developing worlds; unprofitable market (drugs are available but not distributed), both rare and neglected diseases (no drugs developed, abandoned), -provides federal funding for research on rare/neglected diseases, -provides incentives to pharmaceutical companies to develop medications for rare/neglected diseases; can sell without competition for 7 years, ~1 in 10 americans has a rare disease; "diseases are rare, but rare disease patients are many", -misfolded protein molecules; can convert existing properly folded proteins into misfolded proteins creating a chain reaction; aggregation of prions in CNS leads to formation of plaques, which disrupt tissue and create 'holes' in brain, delivered an attenuated virus to expose immune system and develop resistance for real virus (Pasteur and cholera), old world-new world post-Columbus exchange of animals, plants, culture, people, technology, diseases (massive increase in trade), infectious diseases of animals (usually vertebrates) that can naturally be transmitted to humans, -not from Guinea, but South America; not a pig; domesticated 5,000 BC for food; used for research; popular pet, antibiotic from fungus, toxic to guinea pig, -animals are used as test subjects for research products; more ethical than human subjects, breast cancer treatment drug that was found because of testing of rat breast tissue, -people who are used to advance research; used for early drug stages, often a paid occupation, -a clinical study by the US Public Health Service conducted between 1932-1972 in Alabama to study the natural progression of syphilis; subjects were poor African-American men and were given free medical care, free meals, and free burial insurance, conversation that lays out all the evidence thus far in a research study to inform people what they are getting into, -volunteer medical research subjects; typically Phase 1 clinical trials with healthy individuals to test safety or side effects of a potential drug; $100-200 per 24 hours spent in facility.

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