Federal government websites always use a .gov or .mil domain. Sheep and goats may be favoured for dairy production in climates and conditions that do not suit dairy cows. [63], In the developed world, the majority of the poultry reared for meat is raised indoors in big sheds, with automated equipment under environmentally controlled conditions. Ruminants like cattle and sheep are adapted to feed on grass; they can forage outdoors, or may be fed entirely or in part on rations richer in energy and protein, such as pelleted cereals. Some desirable traits of animals raised for meat include fecundity, hardiness, fast growth rate, ease of management and high food conversion efficiency. Under his influence, English farmers began to breed cattle for use primarily as beef. Other infectious diseases affecting wild animals, farm animals and humans include rabies, leptospirosis, brucellosis, tuberculosis and trichinosis. O'Mara, F.P. By the 11th century, the economy had recovered and the countryside was again productive. The sustainability challenge to the dairy sector– The growing importance of non-cattle milk production worldwide. [24] Similar cattle stations are found in South America, Australia and other places with large areas of land and low rainfall. [93][94], Since the 18th century, people have become increasingly concerned about the welfare of farm animals. By 1000 BC, caravans of Arabian camels were linking India with Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean. Some, like classical swine fever[39] and scrapie[40] are specific to one type of stock, while others, like foot-and-mouth disease affect all cloven-hoofed animals. 1, Bangalore, India, 1998. The books often depict happy animals free to roam in attractive countryside, a picture completely at odds with the realities of the impersonal, mechanized activities involved in modern intensive farming. Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include shrimps, prawns, salmon, tilapia, oysters and scallops. Standards and laws for animal welfare have been created worldwide, broadly in line with the most widely held position in the western world, a form of utilitarianism: that it is morally acceptable for humans to use non-human animals, provided that no unnecessary suffering is caused, and that the benefits to humans outweigh the costs to the livestock. [101], Farm animals are widespread in books and songs for children; the reality of animal husbandry is often distorted, softened, or idealized, giving children an almost entirely fictitious account of farm life. [1] Farmers and ranchers who raise livestock are considered to practice animal husbandry; in modern times, large agricultural companies relying on mass production and advanced technology have largely superseded individual farmers as the chief food-animal producers in developed countries. Whereas in the past, cattle had multiple functions, modern dairy cow breeding has resulted in specialised Holstein Friesian-type animals that produce large quantities of milk economically. [34] References. The birds may be harvested on several occasions or the whole shed may be cleared at one time. The pigs in turn passed the infection to humans. [105] Historic farms such as those in the United States offer farmstays and "a carefully curated version of farming to those willing to pay for it",[106] sometimes giving visitors a romanticised image of a pastoral idyll from an unspecified time in the pre-industrial past. Wild animal populations may harbour diseases that can affect domestic animals which may acquire them as a result of insufficient biosecurity. A mature broiler, on the other hand, weighs between 4 and 5 pounds, so it takes as many as 250 birds to make up an animal unit. This virus is easily transmissible to domestic poultry, and to humans living in close proximity with them.
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