[284] One major shift in modern times was in the early part of the 20th century due to the Assyrian and Armenian Genocides, when many Assyrians and Armenians fled to Syria from Turkey. [107][53] The party began to deeply influence the Syrian Kurdish population in the Afrin and Ayn al-Arab Districts, where it promoted Kurdish identity through music, clothing, popular culture, and social activities. [15][16][17] The region gained its de facto autonomy in 2012 in the context of the ongoing Rojava conflict and the wider Syrian Civil War, in which its official military force, the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), has taken part. [93][97] Northern Syrian hospitals lacked equipment for advanced treatment and instead patients had to be transferred outside the region. Price controls are managed by local committees, which can set the price of basic goods such as food and medical goods. Further, in May 2017 in northern Iraq, the Popular Mobilization Forces fighting ISIL cleared a corridor connecting the autonomous region and Iraqi government-controlled territory. [124][125] The main political opposition to the constitution have been Kurdish nationalists, in particular the KNC, who have different ideological aspirations than the TEV-DEM coalition. The committee began its work in November 2019 in Geneva, under UN auspices. [9][58][59][60][61], The updated December 2016 constitution of the polity uses the name Democratic Federation of Northern Syria (DFNS) (Kurdish: Federaliya Demokratîk a Bakûrê Sûriyê‎; Arabic: الفدرالية الديمقراطية لشمال سوريا‎, romanized: al-Fidirāliyya al-Dīmuqrāṭiyya li-Šamāl Suriyā; Classical Syriac: ܦܕܪܐܠܝܘܬ݂ܐ ܕܝܡܩܪܐܛܝܬܐ ܕܓܪܒܝ ܣܘܪܝܐ‎, romanized: Federaloyotho Demoqraṭoyto d'Garbay Suriya). [178][190] However, in August 2018 it was reported that the region's authorities was trying to implement its own Syriac curriculum in private Christian schools that have been continuing to use an Arabic curriculum with limited Syriac classes approved by the Assad regime and originally developed by Syrian Education Ministry in cooperation with Christian clergy in the 1950s. [248] The death penalty was abolished. [210], After the establishment of the de facto autonomous region, the Center of Art and Democratic Culture, located in Jazira Region, has become a venue for aspiring artists who showcase their work. [318][319][320][321], Healthcare is organized through the region's "Health and Environment Authority" and through sub-region and canton-level Health Committees. [16] Most of Afrin Region was occupied by Turkish-led forces in early 2018, though the administrative division continued to operate from Tell Rifaat which is under joint YPG-Syrian Army control. [77] There existed a Kurdish elite of which Saladin,[78] the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and the Emir of Masyaf in the 12th century were part of. Turkish and Turkish-backed Syrian rebel forces prevented the linking of Rojava's cantons and captured all settlements in Jarabulus previously under SDF control. However, a 2016 paper from Chatham House[150] stated that power is heavily centralized in the hands of the Democratic Union Party (PYD). [38], The demographics of the region have historically been highly diverse, with several major shifts in regard to which groups form majorities or minorities in the last centuries. The politics of the region has been described as having "libertarian transnational aspirations" influenced by the PKK's shift toward anarchism, but also includes various "tribal, ethno-sectarian, capitalist and patriarchal structures. In mid-2012 the government responded to this development by withdrawing its military from three mainly Kurdish areas[111][112] and leaving control to local militias. [336][337] Following the creation of the Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone the SDF stated that it was ready to merge with the Syrian Army if when a political settlement between the Syrian government and the SDF is achieved. [149], A September 2015 report in The New York Times observed:[33]. Regardless, the PKK maintained a clandestine presence in the region. Rojava Information Center has provided research, information and contacts to all of the world’s top media organizations, including: We are committed to providing journalists, researchers and the general public with accurate, well-sourced, transparent information on the ground from the North and East Syria. However, the extent of these restricions differed greatly from area to area. 105 Asayish offices provide security against ISIL on the frontlines across Northern Syria. [251][33][252], The justice system in the region is influenced by Abdullah Öcalan's libertarian socialist ideology. [99], In many instances, the Syrian government arbitrarily deprived ethnic Kurdish citizens of their citizenship. It also eclipsed rival Kurdish militias,[116][111] and absorbed some government loyalist groups. Soon YPG also gained control of the cities of Al-Malikiyah, Ras al-Ayn, al-Darbasiyah, and al-Muabbada and parts of Hasakah and Qamishli. According to the Turkish pro-government newspaper Daily Sabah, the YPG's parent organisation, the PYD, provided the PKK with militants, explosives, arms and ammunition.[129]. [216] In 2014, the Syrian government was still paying some state employees,[217] but fewer than before. [191][192][193] A deal was later reached in September 2018 between the region's authorities and the local Syriac Orthodox archbishopric, where the two first grades in these schools would learn the region's Syriac curriculum and grades three to six would continue to learn the Damascus approved curriculum.[194][195]. In the course of the Syrian Civil War, including the years 2014 and 2015, reports by Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Amnesty International stated that militias associated with the autonomous region were committing war crimes, in particular members of the People's Protection Units (YPG). "[313] In practice, Arabic and Kurmanji are predominantly used across all areas and for most official documents, with Syriac being mainly used in the Jazira Region with some usage across all areas while Turkish and Circassian are also used in the region of Manbij. [111], Existing underground Kurdish political parties, namely the PYD and the Kurdish National Council (KNC), joined to form the Kurdish Supreme Committee (KSC) and the People's Protection Units (YPG) militia was reestablished to defend Kurdish-inhabited areas in northern Syria. [82][85][86] Starting in 1926, the region saw another immigration of Kurds following the failure of the Sheikh Said rebellion against the Turkish authorities.

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